Can Bali Solve Its Overtourism Conundrum?

By Chad de Guzman
November 18, 2023

Bali, the picturesque Indonesian paradise, faces a pressing dilemma as it grapples with the effects of overtourism. A century after French-born American adventurer André Roosevelt first visited the island, Bali has become both a sought-after destination and a victim of its own popularity. This juxtaposition has raised significant concerns among locals and authorities about the sustainability of tourism on the island.

Historical Perspective

Roosevelt, whose 1924 visit to Bali played a pivotal role in popularizing the island among American travelers, foresaw the potential destruction of its natural beauty and cultural integrity due to the influx of Western tourists. In a 1930 reflection, he urged the Balinese government to impose a tourist tax to mitigate these impacts—a notion that has finally been realized with the introduction of a mandatory levy in 2024. As the island welcomes millions of tourists each year, it, paradoxically, finds itself held hostage by the very economic engine that fuels its growth.

Current Situation

Bali welcomed approximately 6.33 million international visitors last year—surpassing pre-pandemic figures—and now aims for 6.5 million visitors in 2025. This reflects a desire for growth, despite the challenges of managing overtourism. Tjok Bagus Pemayun, head of the provincial tourism office, highlighted the escalating issues posed by tourism, which include traffic congestion, environmental degradation, and disturbances to local customs. He recognized that existing regulations to manage tourists need stronger enforcement.

“The rules are in place, but implementation is key,” Pemayun stated.

Governor Wayan Koster has called for revisions to the dos and don’ts outlined for tourists, emphasizing the need for compliance with regulations established in 2023. These guidelines are crucial for maintaining the sanctity of Bali’s cultural sites and the overall well-being of its communities.

Enforcement Challenges

While the introduction of a tourist levy aims to address the problems stemming from excessive tourism, its enforcement has raised concerns. Only about one-third of foreign visitors complied with the tax last year, despite an active tourism police force designed to ensure adherence. Koster has announced stricter measures, stating that tourists failing to pay the levy would be barred from local attractions, and violators would face legal repercussions, including fines and possible deportation.

Senator Niluh Djelantik, a prominent voice on tourism policy, criticized the lax enforcement of laws applicable to tourists. She suggested that some visitors take advantage of perceived leniency, treating Bali as a “Wild Wild West.” She urged increased accountability and enforcement actions to curb disrespectful behavior toward Balinese customs and laws.

Steps Toward Sustainable Tourism

In response to the tourism crisis, Indonesian authorities have considered various measures to alleviate the burdens of overtourism. These include suspending new hotel constructions in certain areas, reflecting fears of overdevelopment. Koster has also committed to creating a sustainable development plan that acknowledges the challenges posed by increasing tourist numbers.

Despite some successful initiatives, such as the imposition of the tourist tax, the local government has faced hurdles in implementing other policies. Earlier attempts to prohibit motorcycle rentals for tourists were met with resistance and were not enforced effectively. Similarly, a ban on access to sacred mountains was poorly integrated into local practices.

The Future of Bali’s Tourism

Looking ahead, stakeholders agree that the future of Bali’s tourism industry hinges on a shift toward “quality tourism.” Pemayun advocates for initiatives that enhance the quality of the tourist experience rather than simply increasing the number of visitors. This perspective was echoed by Wayan Puspa Negara, chair of the Bali Marginal Tourism Actors Alliance, advocating for policies that strengthen the destination’s appeal while preserving its unique cultural and environmental assets.

Globally, Bali is not alone in confronting the ramifications of overtourism. Cities like Barcelona have witnessed local discontent over the rising presence of tourists. Indonesia’s former tourism minister, Sandiaga Uno, has cautioned that the continued increase in traveler numbers could mirror the frustrations seen in Barcelona, urging officials to approach tourism growth with caution.

Conclusion

Bali’s struggle with overtourism encapsulates the broader challenge of balancing economic growth with cultural preservation and environmental sustainability. As authorities implement new regulations and strive to enhance enforcement, the pressing question remains: can Bali find a way to thrive as a top destination while safeguarding its charm and integrity for future generations? The answer may lie in a commitment to redefine what tourism means for this beloved island.